Food Supplements

Other “food supplements” are not actually nutrients. Examples include glucosamine (used for arthritis), coenzyme Q10 (used for heart conditions as well as to correct depletion caused by drugs), and creatine (used as a sports supplement and for muscle disease). You don’t ordinarily get very much glucosamine, coenzyme Q10, or creatine in your diet. However, they are found in foods to some extent, and when taken by mouth they appear to augment normal body functions. Therefore, it makes some sense to call them natural.

Still other supplements are not “natural” at all, in any meaningful sense of the word. DHEA, melatonin, and “natural” progesterone are indeed found in the body, but they do not occur to any appreciable extent in foods. They are really no different than many other hormones you might receive by prescription. Finally, some substances sold as dietary supplements such as vinpocetine and huperzine A (both are used for memory loss) are just drugs that have “sneaked through” the regulatory process and wound up on the dietary supplement shelf.

The moral of the story is that if you want your medicine to be “natural,” you need to think about whether you are accomplishing that goal with the treatment you are considering. The Encyclopedia will help you make these decisions wisely.

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Connection to Nature

The basic ideas of natural treatment were born in the 1800s as part of the first wave of the back-to-nature movement. Industrialization was just underway, and some foresaw a future where artificial chemicals would replace the products of nature, and human life would grow increasingly disconnected from nature. Their predictions were right, of course. Today, the desire to find a connection to nature is very strong, and with better reason than ever before.

Contemporary interest in natural therapies is a part of this overall desire. Herbs feel more wholesome than synthetic medications, and vitamin supplements seem to feed the body rather than artificially alter it. Paying close attention to diet and lifestyle is the most natural step of all, improving health and wellness at all levels.

However, if you look closely at the subject, you’ll find that not all therapies and products billed as “natural” deserve the name. Sometimes the hype pushes out reality.

Herbs

Herbs are a natural therapy, as herbs grow in nature and are essentially highly potent foods. This doesn’t mean that all herbs are safe, or that side effects and drug interactions aren’t possible (they are). However, the use of herbal supplements is unquestionably natural medicine.

However, if a manufacturer refines an herb so much as to greatly concentrate one particular constituent, the result is starting to become more a drug than a natural product. And when one single chemical is isolated out of an herb, or produced by extensive chemical modification of natural constituents, you now have a drug. Many conventional drugs are made in just this way.

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One style allowed the heal to contact the ground sharply where the other style had more of a cushioning effect and little or no heel contact. (Gross and Nelson) A description of the landing in the vertical jump by the author of the study is as follows. “Subjects dorisflexed approximately 15 degrees from maximum plantarflextion during the final stages of the flight phase as metatarsal contact with the landing surface was anticipated. Metatarsal contact initiated a large transient recorded by both the force plate and accelerometers. Ankle dorsiflexion continued after metatarsal contact as subjects maintained balance and slowed downward motion of the heel. A second transient was associated with the cessation of heel motion for heel contact landing subjects. The magnitude of a second acceleration transient was distinctly related to landing style. (Gross and Nelson) Concluded from the results were that non-heel contact landers may prevent long term injury, although further study is needed to determine the effect on the forefoot due to increased loads. (Gross and Nelson)

Understanding the biomechanics of the vertical jump is important to coaches and athletes in sports that require the skill. This knowledge can lead to better jumping technique and or the prevention of injury. In conclusion, important things to remember are; elastic components of the muscles play an important role in the vertical jump (Anderson and Pandy), transfer of mechanical energy goes from proximal to distal joints, (Prilutsky and Zatsiorsky), a more sport specific type of jump is better for jump training and arm swing in the jump can enhance performance (Ridgway), and non-heel contact in landing may decrease the chance of injury (Gross and Nelson).

Two of the studies reviewed had contradicting result. One study claimed that the biarticularity of the gastrocnemius was well designed for movement such as jumping.

(Van Soest, Schwab, Bobbert and Van Ingen Schenau). The other study down played the significance of biarticularity. It seems that further study on this topic is needed.

As a result, it can generate a large force and a large power output around this joint.” (Van Soest, Schwab, Bobbert, and Van Ingen Schenau) Testing methods included two models, one with monoarticular gastrocnemius and the other with the biarticular gastrocnemius, and six elite male volleyball players. Their results show a 10mm decrease in vertical jump height of the monoarticular model, compared to the biarticular model. This would agree with the hypothesis and support the hypothesis of Bobbert and Van Ingen Schenau in a previous study in 1988. These results do contradict another previous study by Pandy and Zajac (1991). The authors of this study explained this contradiction in results by saying there were slight differences in models used. That fact leads to another result found in the study; “subtle differences in modeling methods can lead to diametrically opposite results when applied to design questions.” (Van Soest, Schwab, Bobbert and Van Ingen Schenau)

Marcus G. Pandy and Felix E. Zajac derived interesting conclusions in their study, “Optimal Muscular Coordination Strategies for Jumping.” Methods for this article were similar to those previously mentioned, five adult males and models performing squat jumps. The most interesting result of this study was their conclusion on the role of uni- and biarticular muscles, which is best described by the authors themselves. “Our results are in opposition to the notion that energy flows distally. For example, we found that energy production by musculotendon actuators is dominated by the uniarticular extensors VAS and GMAX, and that almost all of this energy is used to accelerate the center of mass of the trunk upwards. We have found no evidence to support the contention that power generated by the prime movers (i.e., VAS and GMAX) is transferred distally to the ankle joint.” (Pandy and Zajac) This statement is not consistent with the studies already mentioned. They go on to say: “We are opposed to the notion that jumping performance is increased by the unique biarticular action of GAS. Our results do not substantiate the claim that ankle power output is increased significantly as a result of power transferred by GAS form the knee to the ankle.” (Pandy and Zajac) They came to this conclusion by removing the biarticular part of their model, and adding another uniarticular ankle plantarflexor. Vertical jump increased in the second model.

In a study conducted by M. Ridgway (A Kinematic Comparison of the Block Jump and a Training Jump as Performed by Elite College and Recreational Female Volleyball Players) differences in the block jump and training jump were compared using female elite and non-elite players. Block jumps consisted of the blocking technique used by volleyball players during competition. This type of vertical jump is very sport specific because of the rules of the sport, which do not allow players to touch the net, (limiting arm swing) and not allowing players to cross the center line (effecting balance during landing).

Training jumps allowed for arm swing because the limitations (rules and net) were not there. Results show that the training jump heights were higher than the block jump heights. This suggested to the author that in jump training for volleyball players would be better suited to train using the block jump, because it is more specific to the sport. Major differences in the two techniques include; differences in arm movement (sagittal plane movement in the training jumps and frontal movement in the block jumps), and greater landing forces in the block jump, due to the players trying to maintain balance (shorter landing times and smaller ranges in motion).

The differences in the elite and recreational players were the jump heights for both the training jump and block jump, elite out-performing the recreational players, and the differences in the jumping style itself.

Velocity in the upper body of the elite players was significantly greater than the recreational players during the block jump. This fact supports the idea that “blocking with the arms enhances the transfer of momentum created in the arm swing to the body.

During college I enjoyed working out in fitness centers but I now prefer working out at home during the week and exercising outdoors on the weekends. The varied routine keeps me motivated and challenged!
I think whatever choice you make, the important factor is finding a regular exercise program that you can fit into your daily schedule. There is no right answer for everyone. A lot of older people are really enjoying water aerobics and Tae bo. Younger people seem to love a variety of different indoor and outdoor activities.

I find that time is a valuable thing and it doesn’t matter where you exercise as long as you just exercise. A good exercise I like to do when kickin it in the living room is arm lunges. The best way to do them is to sit down on a coffee table and put your hands down on the table fingertips facing behind you and start pulling your body up and down with the strength of your upper torso pulling you up and down. I find this is a great exercise to do when limited on time or just kickin it at home.

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Volleyball is one of those sports, requiring players to jump repeatedly, blocking and attacking. It is common for elite volleyball players to jump 30 to 40 inches while attempting the spike. This incredible ability comes from strengthening legs and practice refining jumping technique. And some people seem to have an easier time jumping than others.

In order to better understand the vertical jump, this paper will look at six different articles that discuss the topic. Each article looks at the jump from a different point of view; “Storage and Utilization of Elastic Strain Energy During Jumping” by Anderson and Pandy; “Tendon Action of Two-Joint Muscles: Transfer of Mechanical Energy Between Joints During Jumping Landing, and Running” by Prilutsky and Zatsiorsky; “The Influence of the Biarticularity of the Gastrocnemius Muscle on Vertical-Jumping Achievement” by Van Soest, Schwab, Bobbert and Van Ingen Schenau; “Optimal Muscular Coordination Strategies for Jumping” by Pandy and Zajac; “A Kinematic Comparison of the Block Jump and a Training Jump as Performed by Elite College and Recreational Female Volleyball Players” by Ridgway; and “The Shock Attenuation Role of the Ankle During Landing From a Vertical Jump” by Gross and Nelson. All six articles look at the vertical jump from a biomechanics point of view.

In the study by Frank C. Anderson and Marcus G. Pandy, (“Storage And Utilization of Elastic Strain Energy During Jump”) the role of how elastic tissue contributes to the vertical jump was examined. For this study, the authors used an optimal control model developed by Pandy and five athletic males whose ages ranged from 20 to 30 years old, height from 180 to 186 centimeters, and body mass from 73 to 82 kilograms. All the subjects performed a total of ten jumps, five countermovement jumps, “a vertical jump involving significant downward motion of the center of mass of the body prior to upward propulsion” (Anderson and Pandy), and five squat jumps, “vertical jumps beginning with the body in a static, semi-squatting position” (Anderson and Pandy). Jumps were executed in alternating order. During all the jumps, subjects were asked to jump as high as they could without countermovement. Also the jumpers crossed their arms in front of their chests to eliminate arm swing. Results from this study show that 35 percent of the energy delivered to the skeletal system during vertical jump is contributed by the elastic tissue; the other 65 percent comes from the contraction of the muscles. Also found was, when jumps were preceded by a preparatory phase, that lead to more efficient jumps rather than higher jumps, due to the storage and utilization of elastic strain energy. Another interesting result is described as follows by the authors. “The amount of energy delivered to the skeleton by an actuator was heavily influenced by the compliance of its tendon. For the most proximal muscles (i.e., gluteus maximus, hamstrings and vasti), which have relatively short and stiff tendons, the total energy delivered to the skeleton was dominated by the contractile elements. In contrast, for the ankle plantarflexors, which possess longer and more compliant tendons, the total energy delivered to the skeleton was dominated by the elastic tissues. In fact, the elastic tissues accounted for almost 70 percent of the total energy delivered to the skeleton by the ankle plantarflexors.”

“Tendon Action of Two-Joint Muscles: Transfer of Mechanical Energy Between Joints During Jumping, Landing, And Running,” by Boris I. Prilutsky and Vladimir M. Zatsiorsky, examined the function of two-joint muscles, in the lower limbs in human movement, for our purposes, jumping. Three male subjects were used for the jumping phases of this study. Their heights ranged from 1.68 to 1.86 meters, and their body mass ranged from 64 to 82 kilograms. The subjects performed maximal vertical jumps, starting from a squat position, without their heels touching the ground, and without arm swing. Prilutsky and Zatsiorsky concluded from their results that, “mechanical energy is transferred by the two-joint muscles from the hip to knee and from the knee to ankle (i.e., from proximal to distal joints).” 178.6 plus or minus 45.7 J was the amount of mechanical energy transferred by two-joint muscles from proximal to distal joints, on average, during the squat jump.

Specifically those muscles were the gastrocnemius and the rectus femoris. This study also comes to similar conclusions as the first study already discussed about tendons in the role of the vertical jump.

It should be noted that Prilutsky and Zatsiorsky’s article also included information on landing and running.

“Rehabilitation Outcomes in Patients with Complete Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury” by Gary Yarkony MD, Elliot Roth MD, Paul Meyer MD, Linda Lovell and Allen Heinemann Ph.D., was a study done on 184 patients who suffered complete thoracic traumatic spinal cord injuries. It shows that these patients made significant improvements because of rehabilitation, contradicting previous studies.

The sample of 184 patients with complete
thoracic paraplegia was 81% male and 57%
white. The mean age was 27.2 yr (SD=11.4).
Etiologies of injuries were penetrating wounds
in 38%, road and traffic accidents in 33%,
falls in 17%, sports injuries and other causes
in 10%. Surgical spinal stabilization was
performed on 36% of the sample. The average
length of acute care stay was 46 days and
average length of rehabilitation was 84 days.
(Yarkony, 1992)

This study spanned over an eight-year period, from 1973 to 1980. The 184-person sample, was put into a freestanding, comprehensive rehabilitation facility, after initial hospitalization. Some of the samples received surgical spine stabilization. The therapy the sample received from the experienced rehabilitation team included, “physical therapy, speech therapy, psychology, occupational therapy, social work, vocational rehabilitation, and therapeutic recreation.”
The desire to walk motivated patients to pass wheel chair skills to have a chance for gait training with the help of braces and crutches. While some were successful in their attempts to ambulate, others used standing for exercise purposes only. The benefits of standing are well known; from the pressure release, prevention of osteoporosis, to the reduction of pressure sores.

One interesting fact discovered is that there was not a substantial difference between patients who were surgically stabilized and those who were not.

This study’s only flaw is that it did not have a control group, which in this case would have been a group that did not receive any rehabilitation whatsoever.

This one flaw is partially compensated by comparing scores from patients who did not receive rehabilitation from previous studies. The study also emphasizes the importance that a “… rehabilitation program should include educational programs for patients, their families, and friends… .”

For instance the widest part of the pyramid, or the bottom, shows you the type of foods that should make up the biggest part of your diet. As you go up the pyramid the amounts of food you need get smaller. This is to show you of which foods you should be eating more and of which ones you should be eating less.

The Food Groups

Bread, Cereal, Rice and Pasta Group:
This group is at the widest part or bottom of the pyramid because your body needs more from this group. These foods are a great source of carbohydrates, B vitamins and iron, and give the body its energy source. If you want plenty of energy you need to eat a good supply of food from this group. Suggested servings per day: 6-11.

Vegetable Group:
This group is toward the bottom of the pyramid and your body needs plenty of vegetables to maintain proper health. Did you know that vegetables contain a lot of vitamins and minerals? They also contain carbohydrates for energy and fiber. Why would you need fiber? Fiber helps in the digestion process by moving food along the digestive tract. Dark green and yellow vegetables are good sources of vitamin A, and tomatoes are a good source for vitamin C. Many people don’t like broccoli but it is a great source of vitamin K. Suggested servings per day: 3-5.

Fruit Group:
This group is also near the bottom of the pyramid. You should eat fruit every day because it provides your body with vitamins and carbohydrates, which you must have. Vitamin C can be found in oranges and strawberries and other fruits. Fruits also contain a lot of fiber. Fruits such as apples, bananas, pears, oranges, apricots and fruit juices are good examples of healthy fruits. Suggested servings per day: 2-4.

Mild, Yogurt and Cheese Group:
This group sits high upon the pyramid because you don’t need to eat as much from this group. Eating cheese, milk and yogurt, which gives the body protein, can provide calcium. Suggested servings per day: 2-3.

Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dry Bean, Eggs and Nuts Group:
This group sits high upon the pyramid and you don’t have to eat as many of them for your body to maintain proper health. However these foods do contain important nutrient protein for your body. Suggested Servings per day: 2-3.

Fats, Oils and Sweets Group:
These foods sit at the tip of the pyramid, and your body only needs a small amount from this group. Your body needs some fat, but don’t eat very much of it. Sweets can give you a quick pick-me-up but they don’t offer nutrients and are loaded with calories. Suggested servings per day: Use sparingly and don’t eat often.

Suggested Snacks:

Extra light snacks: Animal crackers, applesauce, banana, club crackers, Jello and yogurt.

Light snacks: animal crackers, applesauce, banana, cheese nips, corn chips, English muffins, honeydew and yogurt.

Medium snacks: apple, applesauce, banana, grilled cheese, pears, frozen cheese pizza, Ritz crackers and 1/2 cup macaroni and cheese.

Medium-plus snacks: English muffin, fresh fruit, 3/4 cups macaroni and cheese, popcorn, strawberries and yogurt, and raisin bread.

The keys to effective revenue generation from MPCs can be summed up in one sentence: Get to know what your members like and what they need, then offer it to them face-to-face in a friendly atmosphere.

Your existing members have demonstrated a desire to be a part of your club. The only question now is whether you can increase their involvement, and their dollars spent, by offering them additional products and encouraging them to use your services. Consider what William Wrigley Jr. said, “In no deal did I ever figure our own profit first. I always mapped out a proposition where the dealer would make a good thing. Always give them the thick end of the stick. No matter how thin our end is, remember we have thin ends coming in from everywhere. And, many littles make a lot.”

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The service mentality

Consider an alternative business model, one in which attitude toward members is more of a long-term commitment. In other words, instead of constantly increasing the head count of faceless dues-payers, increase the loyalty of your members, each of whom deserves great service. For that’s what you’re really selling, service, and the feeling of belonging that makes people want to be part of a club. Your goal should be to create high-involvement buyers — members who are more interested in having their needs met by your club and your staff, than in price. Some give priority to quality, some convenience. And, not only will high-involvement buyers generate thousands of dollars in income over the course of their memberships, each of those dollars costs you less to earn, because it’s much less expensive to do business with existing customers than it is to constantly replace them with new ones.

Multiple profit centers

By shifting your thinking to the service mentality, you open up opportunities to increase revenues by creating multiple profit centers (MPCs) in your facility. The possibilities for creating MPCs is limited only by your imagination. Classes, apparel, food and beverages are some obvious potential profit centers.

A home improvement just like kitchen renovation is a great and successful manner to add price of your house moreover upgrade a place which your family and you see, use every day.